Balikpapan City

Balikpapan
Seal
Location of the city in East Kalimantan province
Balikpapan Location of the city in East Kalimantan province
Balikpapan Location of the city in East Kalimantan province
Coordinates: 1°15′S 116°50′E / 1.25°S 116.833°E / -1.25; 116.833
Country	Indonesia
Province	East Kalimantan
Government
• Mayor	Imdaad Hamid
Area
• Total	503.3 km2 (194.33 sq mi)
Elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total	639,031
Website	www.balikpapan.go.id

Balikpapan is a seaport city on the eastern coast of the island of Borneo, Indonesia, in the East Kalimantan province, a resource-rich region well known for its timber, mining, and petroleum export products. Two harbors, Semayang and Kariangau (a ferry harbour), and the Sepinggan International Airport are the main transportation ports to the city. The city has a population of 639,031,^[1] making it the second-largest city in East Kalimantan, after the capital Samarinda.

Prior to the oil boom of the early 1900s, Balikpapan was an isolated Bugis fishing village. Balikpapan's name (lit. balik is behind and papan is a plank) comes from a folk story where a local king threw his newborn daughter into the sea to protect her from his enemies. The baby was tied beneath some planks, which were discovered by a fisherman.^{[citation needed]}
In 1897, a small refinery company began the first oil drilling.^[2] Construction of roads, wharves, warehouses, offices, barracks, and bungalows started when a Dutch oil company arrived in the area. On 24 January 1942, a Japanese invasion convoy arrived at Balikpapan and was attacked by four United States Navy destroyers which sank three Japanese transports.^[3] The Japanese landed and after a sharp but short fight the Japanese army defeated the Dutch garrison.^[4] The defenders had partially destroyed the oil refinery and other facilities.^[4] After this the Japanese massacred many of the Europeans they had captured.^[5] Several campaigns followed until the 1945 Battle of Balikpapan, which concluded the Allied Forces' Borneo campaign, after which they took control of Borneo island.
Extensive wartime damage curtailed almost all oil production in the area until major repairs were performed by the Royal Dutch Shell company. Shell continued operating in the area until Indonesian state-owned Pertamina took it over in 1965.^[2] Lacking technology, skilled manpower, and capital to explore the petroleum region, Pertamina sublet petroleum concession contracts to multinational companies in the 1970s.
With the only oil refinery site in the region, Balikpapan emerged as a revitalized centre of petroleum production. Pertamina opened its regional headquarters in the city, followed by branch offices established by international oil companies. Hundreds of labourers from other parts of Indonesia, along with skilled expatriates who served as managers and engineers, flocked into the city.

[edit] Administration

Balikpapan is bordered by the following:

• Kutai Kartanegara Regency (to the North)
• Makassar Strait (to the South and East)
• North Penajam Paser Regency (to the West)

[edit] Demographics

During the Suharto administration, Indonesia achieved unprecedented economic growth by promoting foreign investments, particularly in the exploitation of natural and mineral resources. Although the policy was heavily criticized for uncontrolled environmental damage and corrupt bureaucrats and politicians, it significantly boosted urban development in resource-rich cities. In the 1970s, Balikpapan experienced 7% population growth annually, while exports of timber and petroleum increased dramatically.^[2]

[edit] Economy

Some multinational corporations conduct business activities in East Kalimantan province. Such companies as Pertamina (Indonesia), Total S.A. (France), ChevronTexaco (US), Schlumberger (France), BakerHughes (US), Weatherford (US), Thiess Contractors Indonesia (Australia), and Halliburton (US) use Balikpapan as their base of operations in the region. Governmental public services also attract many people to work in this area, with presence of Bank Indonesia, Finance Department, Port of Semayang, and several others.
Balikpapan oil refinery is located on the shore of Balikpapan Bay and covers an area of 2.5 km². Established in 1922, it is the oldest refinery in the area. It was destroyed in World War II by the Allies of World War II and re-built in 1950. The refinery has two subunits, Balikpapan I and Balikpapan II.
Balikpapan I consists of two raw oil refinery units that produce naphtha, kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel, and residue and one high-vacuum unit that produces 100 tonnes (approx 98 tons) of paraffin oil distillate (POD), used as raw material for wax factories. The wax itself has various grades and is sold domestically and internationally.
Opened on 1 November 1983, Balikpapan II has a hydro-skimming and hydro-cracking refinery and produces petrol, LPG, naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fuel.

[edit] Geography

The topography of the municipality of Balikpapan is generally hilly (85%), with only small areas of flatland (15%), particularly along the coast and surrounding the hilly areas. The hills are less than 100 meters higher than the adjacent valleys. The altitude of Balikpapan ranges from 0 to 80 meters above sea level.
Most of the soil in Balikpapan contains yellow-reddish podsolic soil and alluvial and quartz sand, making it extremely prone to erosion.

[edit] Climate

Balikpapan features a tropical rainforest climate. The city on average sees on average just under 2800 mm of rain per year. Balikpapan generally shows little variation in weather throughout the course of the year. The city does not have significantly wetter and drier periods of the year and average temperatures are nearly identical throughout the course of the year, averaging roughly 27 degrees Celsius throughout the year.

[hide]Climate data for Balikpapan
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	29 (85)	29 (85)	30 (86)	30 (86)	29 (85)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (85)	29 (85)	30 (86)	29 (85)	29.4 (85.0)
Average low °C (°F)	25 (77)	25 (77)	25 (77)	26 (78)	26 (78)	26 (78)	25 (77)	26 (78)	26 (78)	26 (78)	26 (78)	25 (77)	25.3 (77.6)
Precipitation mm (inches)	240 (9.45)	220 (8.66)	240 (9.45)	220 (8.66)	250 (9.84)	250 (9.84)	250 (9.84)	250 (9.84)	200 (7.87)	180 (7.09)	170 (6.69)	240 (9.45)	2,780 (109.45)
Source: Weatherbase [6]

[edit] Transportation

Balikpapan has the largest airport on the Indonesian side of Borneo, the Sepinggan International Airport. It is also the busiest airport in Kalimantan and permits large aircraft. Airlines currently using the airport are Lion Air, Merpati Nusantara Airlines, Batavia Air, Trigana Air, Kartika Airlines, and Sriwijaya Air (domestic routes), and Air Asia, Garuda Indonesia, Mandala Airlines, and Silk Air (international routes).
The airport is one of the nine principal locations in Indonesia used by Muslims on their pilgrimage to Mecca, the "Hajj". From 1996 to 1997, the airport served over 4,500 East Kalimantan pilgrims, and from 1997 to 1998, it served pilgrims from East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, and North Sulawesi.
In addition to the airport, Balikpapan also has a seaport called Semayang. It serves commercial boats to many destinations in Indonesia, such as Surabaya, Makassar, Jakarta, Pare Pare, and Manado. In the 1990s, transportation using ships was very popular. Today, due to more affordable and efficient airplane travel, more people choose to fly.
Taking the ferry is an alternative for traveling to other coastal areas in East Kalimantan, such as Penajam.

[edit] Pedestrian Coastal Road

On 115th birthday of Balikpapan, 10 February 2012 a ground breaking of Pedestrian Coastal Road has done for RP1 trillion (111.1 million) investment, exclude the reclamation cost. The 35-meter Pedestrian Coastal Road from Semayang Port to end tip of Sepinggan International Airport with 8,500 meter length will has several public facilities and social facilities such as gardening with benchs, playground and green open space area. Development of the road will reclamate Klandasan Coast, the banks of Balipapan Bay and Makassar Strait, 50 to 100 meters to the sea.^[7]